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Sir Francis Ottley (1600/1601–11 September 1649) was an English Cavalier politician and soldier who played an important part in the English Civil War in Shropshire. He was military governor of Shrewsbury during the early years of the war and later served as the Royalist High Sheriff of the county and helped negotiate the surrender of Bridgnorth. His final years were spent in a prolonged and complex struggle to free his estates from sequestration.
Roger Gifford was a noted doctor, who was appointed Elizabeth I's physician ordinary in 1587. He became wealthy and served as MP for Old Sarum. He was reported to be a Catholic but this is uncertain.
Francis Ottley was educated at Shrewsbury School from the age of ten. He entered Lincoln College, Oxford, matriculating at the age of 17 on 4 December 1618, the same day as his younger brother, Richard. While Richard stayed on to graduate, Francis left without a degree for legal training, and the Inner Temple registered his admission in November 1619, incorrectly naming his father as Robert. In 1621 he married Lucy, the already widowed daughter of Thomas Edwards, who was High Sheriff of Shropshire at the time.
The town and corporation of Shrewsbury were deeply divided. A political and ideological conflict between and Laudianism had resulted in a battle of the for more than two decades.Coulton, p.69-90 During the summer of 1642 parliament and the king instigated rival mobilisations, the former under the Militia Ordinance, the latter under Commissions of array. Ottley received a commission from the king, dated 22 June at York, Phillips (ed), 1894, Ottley Papers, p.34. to mobilise the county's by sending a warrant to the High Sheriff. On the other side, a group of Shrewsbury aldermen petitioned parliament on 16 July to recognise a militia that had begun to gather under the command of Thomas Hunt.Coulton, p.91 Parliament authorised the training of militia for the defence of Shrewsbury and, under an act of 22 July, deputed three MPs, William Pierrepont, Sir John Corbet, and Richard More to establish its military control of Shropshire. The Drapers' Company responded with contributions of money, silver plate and equipment for the parliamentary cause. However, Ottley seized the initiative and disrupted the parliamentary muster on 1 August. Royalist forces drilled the following day under Sir Vincent Corbet of Moreton Corbet.
A declaration of loyalty to the king was issued by the grand jury at Shrewsbury assizes on 8 August. Acknowledging that their Worcestershire neighbours had been first to pledge their support, the Shropshire gentry and burgesses declared:
Ottley was one of those who signed, although his name was close to the bottom of the list of gentry, Phillips (ed), 1895, Ottley Papers, p.243. while his brother-in-law Sir Thomas Wolryche, 1st Baronet was close to the top. Ottley sent out messengers to carry the resolution to gentry in outlying areas to keep them informed and supportive. However, the situation remained confused and undecided for several weeks, with many of the Shropshire gentry hoping that mediation would avert open conflict.Coulton, p.92 Sir Richard Newport appeared on the scene as a mediator between the two sides but he was secretly in close contact with Ottley and his friend Thomas Eyton of Eyton upon the Weald Moors through his son, Francis Newport. Phillips (ed), 1894, Ottley Papers, p.36. and had pledged £6000 to the king for a barony.
Hopes of a peaceful resolution faded quickly after the king raised his standard at Nottingham on 22 August, effectively declaring war on Parliament.Sherwood, p.1 Ottley was in contact with a group of Anglican clergy who were plotting to come out firmly on the king's side. Phillips (ed), 1894, Ottley Papers, p.35. They met in Shrewsbury to issue their own declaration on 24 August, Phillips (ed), 1895, Ottley Papers, p.244-5. although the recorded signatories include none of the ministers of Shrewsbury itself. Shrewsbury corporation declared a policy of neutrality and non-resistance on 30 August.Coulton, p.90 Ottley plotted to bring the king to Shrewsbury to take advantage of the situation, using Thomas Eyton as intermediary, although he also received information from other informants, like Sir Thomas Hanmer, Phillips (ed), 1894, Ottley Papers, p.41. the king's cupbearer. By 4 September Eyton had met the king at Nottingham and passed on to Ottley the king's summons to a meeting. Phillips (ed), 1894, Ottley Papers, p.38. In the meantime, on 10 September, the king wrote, authorising him to raise 200 infantry to take Shrewsbury. Phillips (ed), 1894, Ottley Papers, p.40. and, in an accompanying letter, Edward Hyde assured him of the king's personal, as well as official, concern and regard for him. On 13 September, the Royalist field army set off westward and reached Derby on the same day, where the king received an assurance from Ottley that the town was "at his devotion."Sherwood, p.4 On 15 September, Shrewsbury council agreed to give the king free access to the town and to “make the best enterteynment these troublesome times aforde.” Phillips (ed), 1895, Ottley Papers, p.245. The king had reached Uttoxeter by the time Ottley was able to meet him. An address was drafted for the king to read out at Wellington, where he rallied his forces on 19 September. On 20 September the king and his army entered Shrewsbury to a welcome from its people, although they had little choice in the face of overwhelming force.Sherwood, p.5 Ottley was knighted by the king at Shrewsbury on 21 September 1642.
The king was based at Shrewsbury until 12 October 1642, shadowed by the main Parliamentarian army, under the Lord General, Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex, which had marched from Northampton to Worcester to block his progress southward.Sherwood, p.9 The Royalist soldiers billeted in the town were ill-paid and took to extortion and looting. Soon this spread to the surrounding countryside of north Shropshire.Sherwood, p.6 As early as 28 September Ottley was sent a complaint by John Weever of Market Drayton, alleging that he had only narrowly escaped having his home looted by Royalist soldiers and that many of his neighbours had not been so lucky, although they were “noe Rounheades but most duitefull subjects to his ma'tie.” Phillips (ed), 1895, Ottley Papers, p.249. Weever and other complainants had already begun to address themselves to Ottley, although he was not yet formally head of the garrison at Shrewsbury. However, there was informal recognition of his leading role: a proclamation, apparently from the king, notified all gentlemen and soldiers that they should be ready to rally in case of disturbance signalled by “the lawful warning of Captain ffrancis Ottley his Drome (drum)”.
In December Ottley, together with Eyton, Corbet and other gentry, financed the formation of a force of , which was to be commanded by Corbet.Coulton, p.94 Phillips (ed), 1895, Ottley Papers, p.254-5. However, the initial response was poor, with only about 60 enlisted. In January 1643 Ottley renewed his campaign to be appointed governor. Phillips (ed), 1894, Ottley Papers, p.55. On 2 January he compelled all the inhabitants of Shrewsbury, on pain of death, to swear a declaration against the Parliamentary Army:
This he hoped would win the king's favour and bring the coveted appointment. On 5 January Hyde wrote from Oxford, the Royalist capital, explaining the king's reluctance and promising speedy appointment if required.
However, Ottley had other informants at Oxford and elsewhere. A letter despatched the following day by Thomas Bushell made clear that there were others lobbying for the post at Shrewsbury. Apparently Ottley insisted on the appointment, as he was rewarded with formal appointment as governor later that month. A consignment of high quality despatched to Oxford on 11 January must have helped, for Hyde soon wrote back asking for more and offering to raise the necessary money. Phillips (ed), 1894, Ottley Papers, p.59. A letter from Hyde, written 9 February, significantly alludes to Ottley's commission, possibly still en route, before bemoaning his apparent inability to provide the promised arms. Phillips (ed), 1894, Ottley Papers, p.69.
Harassed by conflicting demands, Ottley's position was slowly but steadily undermined by both the opposition and his own side. He frequently received news of events in Cheshire and in the north of Shropshire from Orlando Bridgeman, who seems to have been a close friend: however, the news was not always good, and there was usually a request for more men and materials to fight the war. At the end of January 1643, Ottley received a flurry of letters reflecting the first serious impact of a Parliamentary fightback, under Sir William Brereton. Most disturbing was a letter from Sir Vincent Corbet, beseeching him to send to Whitchurch not soldiers but as many surgeons as he could possibly provide. Phillips (ed), 1894, Ottley Papers, p.67. In February Parliament established a Shropshire committee to take control of the county.Coulton, p.96 and in April it was federated with its counterparts in Warwickshire and Staffordshire.Sherwood, p.64 The quickening pace of conflict brought in a flurry of complaints and entreaties. William Watkins, an enterprising small farmer of Shotton, protested bitterly that he was heavily taxed to pay for hostilities while his less industrious neighbours seemed to pay nothing. Phillips (ed), 1895, Ottley Papers, p.264. Lettice Corbet, daughter-in-law of the Parliamentarian leader Sir John Corbet but a royalist, wrote to reclaim possessions she had left in Ottley's care, fearing that she would be cut off by the advance of Lord Brooke's Parliamentarian forces in Staffordshire. Phillips (ed), 1895, Ottley Papers, p.265. The danger proved real and enemy forces reached Newport, prompting Ottley to an emergency mobilisation of Shrewsbury's dragoons and their retainers for a possible counter-move. Phillips (ed), 1895, Ottley Papers, p.266.
The lands of Parliamentarians that fell in the royalist-controlled areas were sequestered. The seizure of Humphrey Mackworth's lands created problems for Ottley, made all the sharper by the fact that they were, by contemporary reckoning, cousins. The seizure had been made without regard to anyone else's interests in the lands. In March Ottley was compelled to issue an order allowing the royalist William Browne to draw £70 a year from Mackworth's confiscated estates, as he had bought an interest in them through an indenture of mortgage. Phillips (ed), 1895, Ottley Papers, p.298-9. Shortly afterwards he received a cutting but polite letter from Mackworth's mother, Dorothy Gorton, asking that he “not let me suffer for my sonns esteemed fault.” She was the widow of Ottley's own uncle and claimed that she held a jointure in the sequestered lands. Phillips (ed), 1895, Ottley Papers, p.302-3.
Open discontent was building up in the town and its surroundings and Ottley took repressive measures. He issued an order for the detention of George Baxter, the widely respected puritan rector of Little Wenlock, who had fled the area. Baxter had apparently returned secretly to the area and was to be brought to Shrewsbury for interrogation on "all such matters as maybe objected against him on his ma'ties behalfe." Phillips (ed), 1895, Ottley Papers, p.262-3. At the Spring assizes of 1643, all ten indicted were charged with offences of disloyalty.Sherwood, p.23 The list began with William Webb, “charged with speacking of ill and malyticus speeches against the King's Matie,” Phillips (ed), 1895, Ottley Papers, p.270. and the other accused were mostly men who had spoken out of turn, although the tailor Andrew Mills of Newport had induced a royalist soldier to desert to Brereton's forces. Phillips (ed), 1895, Ottley Papers, p.271. Birch was on the list but he cannot have been in custody as he was in action with the Roundheads at Bristol on 7 March. Phillips (ed), 1895, Ottley Papers, p.276. One Robert Corbett, accused of “speeking certain words tending to treason,” but by Lord Newport, may have been Robert Corbet of Stanwardine, a cousin of Sir Vincent and a notable lawyer: by the time of the assizes he was with the Parliamentary committee for the county. On 17 March Ottley issued a proscription list, ordering the arrest of 43 people for disaffection towards the regime. Phillips (ed), 1895, Ottley Papers, p.279. These seem to have been mainly minor tradesmen and farmers.
However, the royalist government had realised that local and informal initiatives were proving ineffectual and, by 1 April, had appointed Lord Capel as regional commander, with the title of lieutenant general. Capel wrote to Ottley to introduce himself and to arrange for the storage of gunpowder at Shrewsbury, sending his own troops to guard it. Phillips (ed), 1895, Ottley Papers, p.300. At a council of war, held in Shrewsbury on 3 April, Ottley was made responsible for the safety of the magazine. Phillips (ed), 1895, Ottley Papers, p.303. Capel began to harass Ottley for funds. First he asked him to ensure that those who had promised to maintain the Shrewsbury dragoons produce what they owed: some of the soldiers had failed to turn up for service. Phillips (ed), 1895, Ottley Papers, p.311. He followed this by insisting on a systematic survey of the resources of the townspeople to see what could be extracted: he deputed the lawyer Arthur Trevor to oversee the process: he attached a postscript demanding a huge quantity of musket ammunition. Phillips (ed), 1895, Ottley Papers, p.312. Within a week the king wrote demanding he procure supplies of flax and hemp to make for the muskets and artillery. Phillips (ed), 1895, Ottley Papers, p.316.
The more vigorous military and organisational measures seem not to have steadied royalist nerves and Parliamentarian forces used propaganda skilfully to keep their opponents on edge. On 6 May, William Waller, commanding Parliament's forces in the south-west, issued a demand to the clergy of Shropshire that they take an oath to parliament, intimating that he proposed to drive right across the Midlands to join Brereton. Webb, volume 1, p.290. On 16 May Sir Richard Leveson wrote to ask Ottley's help in moving his household goods from Lilleshall Abbey into Shrewsbury for safe keeping, in view of the vulnerability to attack in the countryside. Phillips (ed), 1895, Ottley Papers, p.318. On the same day Capel wrote, apparently to put Ottley on guard against possible disturbances or attacks under cover of the May Fair, Phillips (ed), 1895, Ottley Papers, p.319. as his next letter congratulated the governor on his precautions. Four days later he ordered Ottley, with the help of Sir John Mennes and Sir Thomas Scriven, to carry out a thorough review and upgrade of the fortifications, security arrangements and supply situation. Shrewsbury was to be equipped to resist a siege of at least six months.< Phillips (ed), 1895, Ottley Papers, p.321-23. He was given plenary powers over the inhabitants to implement his plans. It seems that Capel was at this time acquiring considerable regard for Ottley's efficiency and he kept him informed of wider developments: an account of his attempt to save Warrington from capture stressed success in minor skirmishes after the event rather than the loss of the town to the Parliamentarians. Phillips (ed), 1895, Ottley Papers, p.325-6. However, there was soon news of royalist success in driving back the Parliamentarians in Worcestershire. Phillips (ed), 1895, Ottley Papers, p.327.
Capel continued to put the region on a war footing. On 13 June he demanded two horses from each gentry family Phillips (ed), 1895, Ottley Papers, p.332-3. Apparently a good deal of casual requisitioning was going on and Sir Paul Harris, an enthusiastic but unpopular royalist soon wrote to tell Ottley that soldiers from the Shrewsbury garrison had seized his weapons and threatened to break open his stored possessions. Phillips (ed), 1895, Ottley Papers, p.333-4. Richard Herbert wrote from Bromfield on behalf of a neighbour whose apprentice had been conscription, to the serious detriment of his business. Phillips (ed), 1895, Ottley Papers, p.337. The economic and psychological impact of the war was variable: at about the same time Lettice Corbet was asking Ottley for safe-conduct passes and official protection so that her servants and mother could mount a business and shopping trip to London, the very centre of Parliamentarian power. Phillips (ed), 1895, Ottley Papers, p.331.
Pressure from the parliamentarians on the royalists of Shropshire was increasingly matched by that from within royalist ranks on Ottley himself. By late June, despite some royalist successes in Staffordshire, Capel was writing of his worries about the movements of Sir John Corbet, Phillips (ed), 1895, Ottley Papers, p.338-9. who had been appointed head of the parliamentary committee and titular colonel-in-chief of any forces it raised. There were rumours he was close by, perhaps near Tamworth. In July there were rumours of plots among the townspeople of Shrewsbury. A letter arrived, perhaps from Oxford, purporting to be a warning from a friend but reporting that there were plots to replace Ottley as governor and suggesting that he was not issuing sufficient propaganda to counteract the widespread Parliamentarian pamphleteering. Phillips (ed), 1895, Ottley Papers, p.344-5.
Around the end of August the parliamentary committee, with the support of Brereton gained a foothold in its native county, occupying the small, unfortified market town of Wem. The Royalists were compelled to spend large sums of money rearming their forces in Shropshire. On 28 September the king authorised payment of £965 10s. to Francis Walker for manufacturing artillery and ammunition at Bouldon in Shropshire – most of it for delivery to Shrewsbury and Bridgnorth. In October the Parliamentarians at Wem, only 300 strong and now commanded by Colonel Thomas Mytton, saw off an assault, by 5000 of Capel's troops - partly because the townspeople, including many women, rallied to their aid. Phillips (ed), 1896, Ottley Papers, p.202-3.
Soon after this failure, a widespread plot against Royalist control was uncovered in Shrewsbury. The mayor's accounts contain an entry for the building of gibbets, dated 29 December, probably indicating a considerable number of executions around that time. However, this was not enough for his Royalist critics. A letter sent on behalf of the king alluded to the need to be meticulous in publicising royal proclamations, Phillips (ed), 1895, Ottley Papers, p.359-60. although it appears that Ottley had not shirked in this.
Rupert arrived at Shrewsbury on 18 February, armed with the powers of President of Wales, a post substituting for the Council in the Marches of Wales.Coulton, p.98 The major problem facing royalists in the region was lack of money. Rupert immediately abolished “free quarter”, the of soldiers in civilian homes, and announced a transition to a combination of central provisioning and money wages. Phillips (ed), 1896, Ottley Papers, p.223. Next he made an agreement to settle back pay and future wages for the officers and officials, with Ottley himself to receive £20 a week. Phillips (ed), 1896, Ottley Papers, p.224-5. However, this was probably unrealistic, as the locality had been fairly thoroughly ransacked for resources and funds already. Moreover, horses continued to be billeted in private stables, as Francis Newport complained to Ottley in March. Phillips (ed), 1896, Ottley Papers, p.235.
Meanwhile, Rupert led a brutal campaign to clear the area of Parliamentarian troops, massacring the garrison of Hopton Castle – a move which seems to have stiffened resistance.Sherwood, p.89 In March, he left to relieve Newark-on-Trent, with the military situation in Shropshire unchanged despite the disruption and bloodshed. During this month Ottley visited Oxford, probably to rally support at royalist headquarters, where he still had some credit with the king and his closest advisers. On his return, the mayor and alderman welcomed him back with a gift of sack, cakes and sugar. Phillips (ed), 1896, Ottley Papers, p.236. Ottley continued in office for some time beyond this, although Rupert was clearly unimpressed by him and hoping for his dismissal or resignation. This may be why in May, when he was back in Shropshire, he pressed the Shrewsbury authorities to settle claims for back pay from Ottley and the other officers, as nothing had been paid since the agreement of 19 February and there was still pay outstanding from before that date: a total on 10 May of £1053 1s. Phillips (ed), 1896, Ottley Papers, p.240-1. It was probably in July that Rupert finally contrived his removal and put in charge Sir Fulke Hunckes, a veteran of the Irish wars, as Hunckes was generally written of as governor by early August. Phillips (ed), 1896, Ottley Papers, p.245.
Ottley remained a Royalist soldier in Shrewsbury, despite his loss of the governorship. Later in the year, Rupert returned to campaign in Shropshire and replaced Hunckes with Sir Michael Erneley, a Wiltshire landowner who had no connection with the area and considered the locals hostile.Coulton, p.102 Ottley was made one of the Commissioners of Shropshire, attending Prince Rupert. At a meeting on 1 November they resolved to meet Ottley's arrears of pay by earmarking the proceeds of the Shropshire estates of John Egerton, 2nd Earl of Bridgewater, who had been declared a recusant. Phillips (ed), 1896, Ottley Papers, p.254. By 23 December, when he was sent a letter about unpaid loans by the king and the Oxford Parliament, he was also royalist High Sheriff of Shropshire, Phillips (ed), 1896, Ottley Papers, p.259-61. although Parliament recognised Colonel Thomas Mytton, the governor of Wem, as sheriff.
Prince Maurice was now put in charge of the Royalist forces in the region in place of his brother. Although less capable, he was no less demanding. Sir Robert Howard of Clun Castle wrote to Ottley suggesting that the county gentry subscribe £100 a month to entertain Maurice to win his favour. Webb, volume 2, p.128. Phillips (ed), 1896, Ottley Papers, p.266-7. Ottley was hoping that a fairer system of levies might be devised to meet the costs of the war, in line with the decisions of the Oxford Parliament. Phillips (ed), 1896, Ottley Papers, p.267-8. However, such concerns were soon sidelined by the urgent need to prepare for more fighting. Maurice soon wrote to the commissioners to complain about failure to meet the costs of fortifications at Bridgnorth. Phillips (ed), 1896, Ottley Papers, p.268-9. At Shrewsbury, Erneley was attempting to strengthen the fortifications of the town, expecting an imminent attack and was himself under pressure from Maurice to complete the work. On 25 January 1645 Erneley lambasted Ottley and the local gentry for their failure to make sufficient contributions to the war effort, claiming that they were responsible for fomenting mutiny:
This seems to have been sufficiently cutting. On 1 February Ottley wrote to the commissioners of Munslow Hundred in southern Shropshire, not for more money, but calling on them to provide a force of 300 infantry for him to command. He also commissioned a cornet for a company of cavalry, clearly intending to lead a mixed force into battle. Phillips (ed), 1896, Ottley Papers, p.272-3.
Ottley was released within months. On 24 July Prince Maurice sent out a letter from Worcester to the remaining governors and garrisons of Shropshire making clear that Ottley had a special direction from the king to raise the posse of the county – a last resort to rally forces as royalist resistance crumbled across the country. They were ordered to provide accommodation for both Ottley and his retinue. Phillips (ed), 1896, Ottley Papers, p.284. As part of this last stand, royalist political authority in Shropshire was vested in Commissioners of Association, with specific reference to achieving an advantageous peace. Ottley was appointed a commissioner, along with Wolryche, Sir Edward Acton, Sir Thomas Edwardes and others. Phillips (ed), 1896, Ottley Papers, p.285-6. Military leadership fell to Jacob Astley, 1st Baron Astley of Reading. Evidently Ottley wrote to him with concerns about growing dissensions and poor morale among the remaining garrisons. On 10 January 1646 Astley sent two replies on the subject, singling out Bridgnorth as of particular concern. Phillips (ed), 1896, Ottley Papers, p.293-4. The collapse of morale was spreading into the leadership: Richard Cresset, one of the Commissioners of Array, wrote to Ottley for help in suppressing discussion of his decision no longer to attend meetings, which he asserted would lead to his ruin. Phillips (ed), 1896, Ottley Papers, p.300-1. Military collapse followed. Astley's scratch force, trying to break out to Oxford, was defeated at the Battle of Stow-on-the-Wold on 21 March. On 26 April Bridgnorth was compelled to surrender. Ottley was one of those who negotiated the surrender of the last important Royalist stronghold in Shropshire to Parliament, on relatively favourable terms, which were extended to cover himself. His wife and children were given separate permission to live at Pitchford. Phillips (ed), 1896, Ottley Papers, p.303.
The eldest son, Richard, was given a pass to go the Bridgnorth on 16 June and this may have been in connection with Ottley's request to compound for delinquency, which was made formally on that date. Two days later Sir Francis begged the County Committee to hand over his father's will and all other documentation in their possession and to cease meddling with his estate. It seems that there was friction between the sequestrators and the County Committee, as the latter was removing timber as compensation for Ottley's burning of houses during the war. Phillips and Audley (ed), 1911, Ottley Papers, p.241-2. The sequestrators made an order to prevent removal of timber in June and reiterated it, while trying to speed up appraisal of the value, during the following month. Phillips (ed), 1896, Ottley Papers, p.309-10. However, the process proved extremely protracted and complex, taking more than 3 years. On 7 September 1646 Ottley's fine was fixed at £2,130. Phillips and Audley (ed), 1911, Ottley Papers, p.242. In response Ottley asked for allowance to be made for timber and other items taken away by the County Committee in contravention of the sequestrators' previous orders. In May 1647 he introduced a request for further losses to be taken into account. On 6 March 1648 the Shropshire Committee for Sequestrations issued an order releasing Ottley's estates, as he had accepted in principle the fine imposed on him. Phillips and Audley (ed), 1911, Ottley Papers, p.241. The signatories included Humphrey Mackworth. However, there were still numerous details to settle. During the summer Ottley was accused in a pamphlet of involvement in a royalist plot to resume resistance in Shropshire by seizing a house known as Dawley Castle and the nearby house of Sir Basil Brooke, presumably Madeley Court. Little came of the plot or the accusation. Audley (1912), p.293-5. However, delays mounted and on 20 December 1648 he was granted a pass by Thomas Fairfax, the Lord General of Parliament's forces, to return to Shropshire to expedite his final composition. Phillips and Audley (ed), 1911, Ottley Papers, p.246. Ottley's younger son, Adam, accompanied him on the trip, staying at Dudmaston Hall, Wolryche's estate near Bridgnorth. Phillips and Audley (ed), 1911, Ottley Papers, p.249-50. By late February 1649 Adam was corresponding with his father about a lawsuit in which the Ottley's were allied with Sir William Aston against Mackworth, although the details of this are unknown. Phillips and Audley (ed), 1911, Ottley Papers, p.252. On 13 April 1649 Sir Francis asked for his son Richard to be included in his composition. The following day a reduced fine of £1860 was announced. Further negotiations over his £4,000 of debts resulted in a further reduction of £660, with the final result that, on 25 June 1649, he was ordered to pay a fine of £1200.
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